Diagnosis

• September 12, 2025

  What is the evidence for mesenchymal stem cell intervention for pain reduction and functional improvement in patients with knee osteoarthritis?

  Cao M, Ou Z, Sheng R, Wang Q, Chen X, Zhang C, Dai G, Wang H, Li J, Zhang X, Gao Y, Shi L, Rui Y. Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cells in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025 Mar 7;16(1):122. doi: 10.1186/s13287-025-04252-2. PMID: 40055739; PMCID: PMC11887158.
• September 2, 2025

  What is the evidence for cryotherapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis for pain reduction and functional improvement?

  Dias RF, de Lima Silva S, de Mello SP, Flores LJF, Buzanello MR, Bertolini GRF. Cryotherapy in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Pain Pract. 2025 Jul;25(6):e70055. doi: 10.1111/papr.70055. PMID: 40521698; PMCID: PMC12168428.
• August 19, 2025

  What is the evidence for viscosupplementation injections of hyaluronic acid to reduce pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the shoulder?

  Familiari F, Ammendolia A, Rupp MC, Russo R, Pujia A, Montalcini T, Marotta N, Mercurio M, Galasso O, Millett PJ, Gasparini G, de Sire A. Efficacy of intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid in patients with glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Res. 2023 Nov;41(11):2345-2358. doi: 10.1002/jor.25648. Epub 2023 Jun 26. PMID: 37314198.
• August 18, 2025

  What is the evidence for Genicular Nerve Blocks in patients with knee osteoarthritis for pain reduction?

  Vilchez-Cavazos F, Gamboa Alonso AA, Simental-Mendía M, Peña-Martínez VM, Acosta-Olivo CA, Villarreal-Villarreal GA. Genicular Nerve Block for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Clin J Pain. 2024 Oct 1;40(10):618-624. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000001240. PMID: 39143682.
• August 24, 2018

  What is the evidence for injections (corticosteroid, viscosupplementation, PRP) for arthritis of the ankle?

  Vannabouathong C, Del Fabbro G, Sales B, Smith C, Li CS, Yardley D, Bandari M, Petrisor BA; EnCORE Research Group. Intra-articular Injections in the Treatment of Symptoms from Ankle Arthritis: A Systematic Review. Foot Ankle Int. 2018 Jun 1:1071100718779375. doi: 10.1177/1071100718779375. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29909689
• February 3, 2017

  What is the evidence for intra-articular PRP (Platelet rich plasma) injection for knee osteoarthritis?

  Dai, W. L., Zhou, A. G., Zhang, H., & Zhang, J. (2016). Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Arthroscopy. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.09.024
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Brien, S., et al. (2011). "Meta-analysis of the related nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide and methylsulfonylmethane in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee." Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011: 528403.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for S-Adenosylmethionine in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Rutjes, A. W., et al. (2009). "S-Adenosylmethionine for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip." Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD007321.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for avocado-soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Christensen, R., et al. (2008). "Symptomatic efficacy of avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in osteoarthritis (OA) patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16(4): 399-408.
  
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for collagen derivates (e.g. gelatin) in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Van Vijven, J. P., et al. (2012). "Symptomatic and chondroprotective treatment with collagen derivatives in osteoarthritis: a systematic review." Osteoarthritis Cartilage 20(8): 809-821.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for glucosamine chondroitin in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Hochberg, M. C. (2010). "Structure-modifying effects of chondroitin sulfate in knee osteoarthritis: an updated meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of 2-year duration." Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18 Suppl 1: S28-31.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for naproxen/esomeprazole fixed dose combination (Vimovo TM) and NSAIDs in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Dhillon, S. (2011). "Naproxen/esomeprazole fixed-dose combination: for the treatment of arthritic symptoms and to reduce the risk of gastric ulcers." Drugs Aging 28(3): 237-248.
  
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for manual and manipulative therapy in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Brantingham, J. W., et al. (2012). "Manipulative therapy for lower extremity conditions: update of a literature review." J Manipulative Physiol Ther 35(2): 127-166.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for corticosteroid injections in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the shoulder?

  Gross, C., et al. (2013). "Glenohumeral Joint Injections: A Review." Sports Health 5(2): 153-159.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Lepley, A. S., et al. (2012). "Effects of electromyographic biofeedback on quadriceps strength: a systematic review." J Strength Cond Res 26(3): 873-882.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for T’ai Chi in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Kang, J. W., et al. (2011). "T'ai chi for the treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Bmj Open 1(1).
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for aquatic therapy in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Verhagen, A. P., et al. (2012). "Aquatic exercise & balneotherapy in musculoskeletal conditions." Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 26(3): 335-343.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for proprioceptive exercise in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Smith, T. O., et al. (2012). "The effectiveness of proprioceptive-based exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Rheumatol Int 32(11): 3339-3351.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for adherence to exercise therapy in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Jordan, J. L., et al. (2010). "Interventions to improve adherence to exercise for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(1).
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for strength training and therapeutic exercise in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Jansen, M. J., et al. (2011). "Strength training alone, exercise therapy alone, and exercise therapy with passive manual mobilisation each reduce pain and disability in people with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review." J Physiother 57(1): 11-20.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for oral and transdermal opioids in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Nüesch, E., et al. (2009) Oral or transdermal opioids for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003115.pub3
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for diclofenac epolamine in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Petersen, B. and S. Rovati (2009). "Diclofenac epolamine (Flector) patch: evidence for topical activity." Clin Drug Investig 29(1): 1-9.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for topical NSAIDs in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Derry, S., et al. (2012). "Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9: CD007400.
• August 5, 2014

  What is the evidence for the use of ultrasound in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Rutjes, A. W., et al. (2010). "Therapeutic ultrasound for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip." Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD003132.
• July 29, 2014

  What is the evidence for physiotherapy interventions in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Wang, S. Y., et al. (2012). "Physical therapy interventions for knee pain secondary to osteoarthritis: a systematic review." Ann Intern Med 157(9): 632-644.
• July 28, 2014

  What is the evidence for shortwave diathermy in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Laufer, Y. and G. Dar (2012). "Effectiveness of thermal and athermal short-wave diathermy for the management of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Osteoarthritis Cartilage 20(9): 957-966.
• July 28, 2014

  What is the evidence for electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Lepley, A. S., et al. (2012). "Effects of electromyographic biofeedback on quadriceps strength: a systematic review." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 26(3): 873-882.
• July 28, 2014

  What is the evidence for TENS in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Rutjes, A. W., et al. (2009). "Transcutaneous electrostimulation for osteoarthritis of the knee." Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD002823.
• July 28, 2014

  What is the evidence for electro-stimulation in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Wang, S. Y., et al. (2012). "Physical therapy interventions for knee pain secondary to osteoarthritis: a systematic review." Ann Intern Med 157(9): 632-644.
• July 28, 2014

  What is the evidence for electro-magnetic field treatment in osteoarthritis of the knee?

  Ryang We, S., et al. (2013). "Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field on knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review." Rheumatology (Oxford) 52(5): 815-824.